Combination of memory type ratio and product estimators under extended EWMA statistic with application to wheat production.

The extended exponential weighted moving average (EEWMA) statistic is a memory type statistic that uses past observations along with the current information for the estimation of a population parameter to improve the efficiency of the estimators. This study utilized the EEWMA statistic to estimate the population mean with a suitable auxiliary variable. The ratio and product estimators are proposed for the surveys that are time-based by using current information along with that information. The approximate mean square errors are computed for the proposed memory type estimators and mathematical comparison is discussed to demonstrate the efficiency of the estimator. The simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed memory type estimators. It can be seen from the results that the efficiency of the estimator enhances by utilizing the current sample as well as past information. A real-life example is presented to illustrate the usage of proposed estimators.

A Comparative Chemoinformatics Analysis of compounds extracted from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.

INTRODUCTION: Natural products are a rich source of diverse chemical compounds with interesting therapeutic properties. There is a need for in-depth investigation of this reservoir with in-silico tools to assert the molecular diversity with respect to clinical significance. Although studies have been reported on plants such as Nyctanthes arbor-tristis(NAT) and its medicinal importance. A comprehensive study on comparative analysis of all phyto-constituents has not been carried out. AIM: In the present work, we have carried out a comparative study of compounds obtained from the ethanolic extracts of various parts such as calyx, corolla, leaf, and bark of the NAT plant. METHODS: The extracted compounds were characterized by LCMS and GCMS studies. This was further corroborated by the network analysis, docking, and dynamic simulation studies with validated anti-arthritic targets. RESULTS: The most significant observation from LCMS and GCMS was that the compounds from calyx and corolla were closer in chemical space to the anti-arthritic compounds. To further expand and explore chemical space, the common scaffolds were seeded to enumerate a virtual library. The virtual molecules were prioritized based on the drug-like, leadlike scores and docked against anti-arthritic targets to reveal identical interactions in the pocket region. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive study will be of immense value to medicinal chemists for the rational synthesis of molecules as well as bioinformatics professionals for getting useful insight into identifying rich diverse molecules from plant sources.

Water and wastewater quality prediction: current trends and challenges in the implementation of artificial neural network.

Traditional freshwater supplies have been over-abstracted in the current global problem of water scarcity. Through the analysis of complex experimental and real-time data, to improve the activity of water and wastewater treatment (WWT) systems, an artificial neural network (ANN), a computational model inspired by the human brain, and its variants were created. This review paper focuses on recent trends and advances in modeling and simulating different water and wastewater systems using ANN. This study uses ANN in watershed management, impurity removal from wastewater, and wastewater treatment plants. According to the literature review, ANN can predict nonlinear, linear, and complex systems with high accuracy and well control. Finally, the limitations and future scope of ANNs were discussed. ANN proved itself in the prediction of various water and WWT processes. Still, implementation has practical challenges, which include a lack of data availability, poorly built models, timely updates in developed models, and low repeatability. The use of a proper toolbox, faster computing power, and proper domain knowledge makes the practical implementation of ANN successful. As a result, ANN can build a solid foundation for attracting and motivating investigators to work in this region in the forthcoming.

Tuberculosis in the Female Genital Tract.

Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is caused by Mycobacteria tuberculosis bacilli and is typically secondary to tuberculosis (TB) of the lungs. The spread largely occurs through the haematogenous route. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections frequently cause the symptoms by reactivation of previously dormant tuberculous bacilli. Particularly in underdeveloped nations, female genital TB (FGTB) continues to be a key contributor to tubal blockage and infertility. It damages genital organs, which results in abnormal menstruation and infertility. FGTB is a chronic condition that manifests as mild symptoms. Almost all cases of genital TB include the fallopian tubes, which, together with endometrial involvement, render patients infertile. There may be asymptomatic cases. In order to save women from invasive surgery, it is vital to keep in mind the extremely rare but critical role of FGTB in the differential diagnosis of any malignancy. A thorough physical examination, careful history collection, and careful use of tests are done to arrive at a diagnosis. Hysterosalpingography has been recognised as the most accurate method for detecting FGTB and as the gold standard screening test for determining tubal infertility. Recently, there have been numerous improvements and modifications to FGTB management. The primary treatment for TB is a multidrug anti-TB regimen, while surgery may be necessary in more severe cases. Even after receiving multimodal therapy for TB, infertile women with genital TB have low conception rates and a significant risk of complications like ectopic pregnancy and loss.

A Review on the Use of the HPV Vaccine in the Prevention of Cervical Cancer.

The main risk factor for invasive cervical carcinoma is persistent infection by the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) and has been linked to 15 different cancers. Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent cancers among women, particularly in resource-limited countries. Cervical cancer is an HPV disease with the highest worldwide burden in resource-limited nations. With improved medical care and nationwide screening programmes, the mortality rate from cervical cancer has decreased in the past 40 years. Many developing nations have been shown to have inadequate knowledge and health-seeking practices, making proper awareness and immunisation programmes necessary. The best strategy to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer is through the administration of HPV vaccines along with routine cervical screening. The HPV vaccine is crucial for public health. Vaccinations against all HPV subtypes, namely, bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent, are available. Financial issues are the main barrier to HPV vaccination. The framework for behavioural and social drivers of vaccination, which includes practical concerns, motivation, social processes, thoughts, and feelings, is widely used to uncover important aspects linked with HPV vaccination. The burden of cervical cancer due to HPV and the advantages of HPV vaccination are summarised in this review article.

Epiphytic Microbial Diversity of Vitis vinifera Fructosphere: Present Status and Potential Applications.

Vineyard provides an apt environment for growth of different types of microorganisms. The microbial domain is greatly affected by changing climatic conditions, geographical region, water activity, agricultural practices, presence of different pathogens and various pests. Grapevine microbial diversity is also affected by different stages of plant growth. Epiphytic berry microflora is specifically influenced by developmental phases and plays an important role in winemaking which is studied extensively. However, very little information is available about microbial community associated with table grape berries, which are consumed as fresh fruits. Moreover, our knowledge about the important role played by these microbes is precise and their scope might be larger than what is existing in the public domain. A systematic study on effect of developmental stages of table grape berries on microbial diversity would provide new insights for exploring the applicability of these microbes in plant growth, crop protection and bioremediation. In this review, we propose an effort to relate the developmental stages of grape berry with microbial consortium present and at the same time discuss the possible applications of these microbes in plant protection and biodegradation.

Process of fruit peel waste biorefinery: a case study of citrus waste biorefinery, its environmental impacts and recommendations.

Fruit peels are a rich source of cellulose, hemicellulose, phenolic compounds, and terpenic compounds. Thus, they have the potential to be a novel renewable, sustainable, and low-cost raw material (source) for the production of several value-added products based on framework and concepts such as waste hierarchy that includes biofertilizers, dietary fiber, animal feed, industrial enzymes, substrate for the bioactive compounds production, synthesis of nanomaterials, and clean energy (from residual biomass). With a view of evaluating the environmental burden of biorefinery, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed for a representative citrus waste (CW) biorefinery. The functional unit used for LCA was set as 2500 kg of CW processed. The overall GWP was observed to be 937.3 kg CO2 equivalent per 2500 kg of CW processed. On further analysis of the environmental impact, it was found that different steps contributed significantly, as shown by the various environmental indicator values. Alternative advanced process intensification technologies like microwave and ultrasound-assisted steps replacing the conventional steps when implemented show considerable reduction in environmental indicator values. The variations in the contribution to environmental indicators should be considered during the design and process selection of biorefineries.

Valorization of potato peel: a biorefinery approach.

Potato is the fourth main crop consumed worldwide and is an important constituent in the human diet. Consequently, potato is widely used in food-processing industries. However, these industries generate massive amounts of potato peel (PP) as a by-product, which is usually considered a waste, and is discarded. Interestingly, recent research suggests that PP is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which can be converted into value-added products. In this study, we review the physicochemical composition and valorization of PP. In addition to being used as a dietary fiber or medicine, the value-added products obtained by the fermentation of PP have multiple uses, including their use as adsorbents, biocomposites and packaging materials. These products can also be used in energy production, biopolymer film development, corrosion inhibition and the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals. The biorefinery approach for PP will increase the value of this waste by producing an array of value-added products and reducing extensive waste generation.